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29 July 2022 at 00:46

Diazotization Titrations

Free pharmacy material Diazotization Titrations INTRODUCTION The diazotization titration is nothing but the conversion of the primary aromatic amine to a diazonium compound. This process was first discovered in 1853 and was applied to the synthetic dye industry. The reaction mechanism was first proposed by Peter Griessin. In this method, the primary aromatic amine is reacted with the sodium nitrite in acidic medium to form a diazonium salt. This method is first used in the determination of dyes. PRINCIPLE The principle involved in this method is that the primary aromatic amine present in the sample reacts with the sodium nitrite in the presence of acid such as hydrochloric acid to obtain a diazonium salt. R − NH 2 + NaNO 2 +HCl R − N + ≡ N − Cl − + NaCl + H 2 O Sodium nitrite is added to the solution of amine in the presence of acid at 0–5 °C. The amine reacts with the nitrous acid to form nitrosamine, which is followed by the tautomerisation and the water mol...

Conductometry

Free pharmacy Conductometry INTRODUCTION Conductometry is the measurement of the electrical conductivity of a solution. The conductance is defined as the current flow through the conductor. In other words, it is defined as the reciprocal of the resistance. The unit for the conductance is Seimens (S) which is the reciprocal of Ohm's (Ω −1 ). This method is mainly used for the determination of the physico-chemical properties of the compounds. PRINCIPLE The main principle involved in this method is that the movement of the ions creates the electrical conductivity. The movement of the ions is mainly depended on the concentration of the ions. A + B − + C + D − AD + C + B − where A + B − is the solution of strong electrolyte; C + D − is the solution of the reagent. Here the ionic concentration of A + is determined by reacting the electrolyte solution with the reagent solution so that the A + ions are replaced by the C + ions. This replacement of the ions w...

Non-aqueous Titrations

Free pharmacy material Non-aqueous Titrations INTRODUCTION Boyle first recorded the insolubility of the water soluble salts in alcohol. In 1912 Folin and Flanders titrated the acidic substances by using the non-aqueous solvents such as benzene, chloroform and chloroform-methanol mixture. Conant and Hall in 1927 described the behaviour of bases in glacial acetic acid. Lowitz first prepared the moisture-free solvents (non-aqueous solvents). Vorlander first proposed the non-aqueous titration method that is titration of aniline with the HCl in non-aqueous solvent, that is, benzene. The steps involved in the non-aqueous titrimetric method are proposed by the Tomicek. Fritz first used this method to distinguish the aromatic and aliphatic amines by using the perchloric acid as titrant. PRINCIPLE The organic acids and bases are insoluble in water. These are extremely weak and cannot be analysed using normal titrimetric methods. Hence the non-aqueous titrimetric method is used. The...

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