Pharmacy Study Material

Free pharmacy material Insulin and Oral Hypoglycaemic Agents INTRODUCTION The pancreas contains at least four different types of endocrine cells, including A (alpha, glucagon-producing), B (beta, insulin-producing), D (delta, somatostatin-producing), and F (PP, pancreatic polypeptide-producing). Of these, the B cells are predominant. The most common pancreatic disease requiring pharmacologic therapy is diabetes mellitus, a deficiency of insulin production or effect. Type-I diabetes occurs when the pancreas cannot produce insulin, a hormone essential for moving glucose from the blood into cells. It is an autoimmune disorder, in which the body makes antibodies that attack the insulin-producing cells in the pancreas. It is usually diagnosed in children and young adults, and was called juvenile diabetes. People with type-I diabetes must supply insulin by injection. Type-II diabetes is the most common disorder. In this, either the body does not produce enough insulin or the ce...

Free pharmacy material Local Anaesthetics INTRODUCTION Local anaesthetics are medications used for the purpose of temporary and reversible elimination of painful feelings in specific areas of the body by blocking transmission of nerve fibre impulses. These drugs, unlike general anaesthetics, cause a loss of feeling in specific areas while keeping the patient conscious. Local anaesthetics are used for pain relief, soreness, itching, and irritation associated with disturbance of the integrity of the skin and mucous membranes (cuts, bites, wounds, rashes, allergic conditions, fungal infections, skin sores, and cracking). They are used during opthalmological procedures such as tonometry and gonioscopy, removal of foreign bodies, and minor surgical interventions. Local anaesthetics are widely used in surgery, gynaecology, and dentistry. In certain cases, local anaesthetics (lidocaine, procainamide) can be used as anti-arrhythmic drugs. IDEAL PROPERTIES OF LOCAL ANAESTHETICS ...